The boundary system is a public transport scheme where drivers pay a daily fixed fee to operators (otherwise known as the boundary). Any revenue excess of the boundary is kept by the drivers as well as used for fuel and other minor maintenance.

The boundary acts as the operator's gross revenue, used to cover vehicle depreciation, mechanical maintenance, and government licensing fees, while serving as the return on their capital investment.

In Eastern philosophies such as Buddhism, Hinduism (Advaita Vedanta), Taoism, and Confucianism, the individual self is not seen as the primary reality, but rather as a small part of a larger whole.

In Western perspectives such as Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian traditions, the individual self is special because it is perceived as unique, independent, autonomous, and rational. This perspective tends to see the individual as a bounded entity, separate from others and the environment."

Episodism is a philosophical concept suggesting that human life is experienced as a series of disconnected, distinct selves rather than a single, essential continuity. Episodic individuals do not feel a strong continuity between their past and present selves as life is viewed as a succession of separate, "reincarnated" episodes.

SDRs are international monetary reserve assets created by the IMF to supplement member countries' reserves. Currently, allocations of SDRs to IMF members are based on each country's quota and economic strength.

For the purposes of this debate, ""Africanization"" refers to Africa's ongoing efforts to (1) rechannel SDRs from wealthier countries to African economies and (2) reform IMF allocation rules to increase Africa's share of global liquidity

Philippine power supply agreements are typically priced in USD. This looks like 60% of Meralco's purchased power cost, which is dollar-denominated as it is largely from imported fuels such as coal and gas.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are designated areas within a country where more favorable economic regulations are applied to promote economic growth and attract foreign direct investment (FDI).

In status quo, all SEZs are state-regulated or subject to state intervention, even those that are privately managed.

US and China are actively competing to be the first to achieve long-term lunar habitation by the 2030s. This has been dubbed as the "New Space Race"

The financialization of science refers to the increasing influence of financial motives, markets, and actors on scientific research. This looks like paywalled publications, private-sector innovation, and the use of patents.

For the purposes of this debate, no-fault insurance for AI is a proposed regulatory framework where users who suffer harm from AI systems are compensated without needing to prove negligence or fault by the developer or platform.

AI Agents (e.g. OpenClaw) are systems that autonomously performs tasks by designing workflows with available tools. They learn to adapt to user expectations over time. Although AI agents are autonomous in their decision-making processes, they require goals and predefined rules inputted by humans.

For the purposes of this debate, physical media refers to physical materials used to store audiovisual content (CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, Vinyls, Cassettes)

Strategic litigation is defined as heavily relying on judicial cases to achieve social, legal, or policy change, instead of grassroots protesting or legislative lobbying. This looks like filing cases to hold platforms accountable for user harm (e.g., mental health impacts or data misuse) or using courts to expand digital rights.

The Internet Archive, also known as the Wayback Machine, is a non-profit digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form. The Internet Archive has been around for 30 years and has archived over a trillion web pages. Over 200 additional media outlets bar the Wayback Machine from archiving their work, ranging from news sites like The New York Times and social platforms like Reddit.

The United States is actively partnering with Brazil to secure critical mineral supply chains, focusing on rare earth exploration and processing to reduce dependence on China. A major $575 million investment deal was signed in March 2026 with the state of Goiás for mining development, while USA Rare Earth announced plans to buy Brazilian rare earths miner Serra Verde in a deal worth $2.8 billion.

A developmental state is characterized by (1) active government intervention in markets, (2) close coordination between the state and private sector, often through targeted support to select firms and industries, (3) strategic control over determined ""key sectors"", and (4) a strong, capable bureaucracy that plans and implements long-term economic goals.

Examples of current Indonesian policies that steer them in this direction include: downstreaming, strong state control over national resources and key sectors like energy, and state-owned enterprises' increased involvement in EV battery production

Experience-based licensure consists of a multi-year period of mentored professional practice, during which candidates document their technical achievements in a professional portfolio. Under this model, competency is validated through a professional review conducted by industry veterans.

Registration for most UP campuses are done online with priority given to older batches.

Block section is an enrollment system where a fixed group of students takes the same classes, schedules, and subjects together for a semester.

As of now, block section is only implemented in some colleges across different University of the Philippines campuses (e.g. College of Veterinary Medicine in UPLB).

In the Philippines, all teachers in both public and private schools are required to pass the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET). However, it is common for private schools to hire teachers, usually fresh BS Education graduates, that have not yet obtained a teaching license, provided they take and pass the LET in 2 to 3 years.

For the purposes of this debate, “aggressive” public personas are defined by behaviors whose perceived tone is confrontational, abrasive, and openly defiant of social expectations (e.g. use of explicit language in public spaces).

Political lesbianism is a radical phenomenon within feminism that asserts sexual orientation as a political, conscious choice rather than solely an innate trait. It intends to deal with issues of sexism and compulsory heterosexuality by advocating the choice to opt out of relationships with men and heterosexual institutions.

Attentional sovereignty is the right and capacity of individuals to consciously direct their focus and maintain agency against the attention economy. This looks like encouraging followers to take digital breaks and preserve capacity for moral attention. This directly opposes past social movement strategies, which utilize virality tactics and high-frequency posting designed to trigger the platform's algorithms and reach the widest possible audience quickly.